Methods of assessment that measure student learning by comparing it to a standard. These types of assessments are typically "high-stakes" and measure achievement of learning outcomes after the learning has taken place, such as at the end of a unit, module, or course. Unlike formative assessment, summative assessment opportunities focus more on product than process, are less frequent, and are usually graded.  

Examples of summative assessment include final papers or projects, presentations, end-of-module quizzes, exams, and student portfolios.